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re-organizing main org-babel.org file
- replacing litorgy with org-babel
- splitting old requirements discussion into separate file

Eric Schulte 16 years ago
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+#+TITLE: Org-Babel Requirements
+#+OPTIONS: toc:nil num:nil ^:nil
+
+This file contains the initial discussion of the requirements for
+org-babel.
+
+* Overview
+This project is basically about putting source code into org
+files. This isn't just code to look pretty as a source code example,
+but code to be evaluated. Org files have 3 main export targets: org,
+html and latex. Once we have implemented a smooth bi-directional flow
+of data between org-mode formats (including tables, and maybe lists
+and property values) and source-code blocks, we will be able to use
+org-mode's built in export to publish the results of evaluated source
+code in any org-supported format using org-mode as an intermediate
+format.  We have a current focus on R code, but we are regarding that
+more as a working example than as a defining feature of the project.
+
+The main objectives of this project are...
+
+# Lets start with this list and make changes as appropriate.  Please
+# try to make changes to this list, rather than starting any new
+# lists.
+
+- [[* evaluation of embedded source code][evaluation of embedded source code]]
+  - [[* execution on demand and on export][execution on demand and on export]]
+  - [[* source blocks][source blocks]]
+  - [[* header arguments][header arguments]]
+  - [[* inline source evaluation][inline source evaluation]]
+  - [[* included source file evaluation][included source file evaluation]] ?? maybe
+  - [[* caching of evaluation][caching of evaluation]]
+- [[* interaction with the source-code's process][interaction with the source-code's process]]
+- [[* output of code evaluation][output of code evaluation]]
+  - [[* textual/numeric output][textual/numeric output]]
+  - [[* graphical output][graphical output]]
+  - [[* file creation][non-graphics file creation]]
+  - [[* side effects][side effects]]
+- [[* reference to data and evaluation results][reference to data and evaluation results]]
+  - [[* reference format][reference format]]
+  - [[* source-target pairs][source-target pairs]]
+    - [[* source block output from org tables][source block output from org tables]]
+    - [[* source block outpt from other source block][source block outpt from other source block]]
+    - [[* source block output from org list][source block output from org list]] ?? maybe
+    - [[* org table from source block][org table from source block]]
+    - [[* org table from org table][org table from org table]]
+    - [[* org properties from source block][org properties from source block]]
+    - [[* org properties from org table][org properties from org table]]
+- [[* export][export]]
+
+
+* Objectives and Specs
+
+** evaluation of embedded source code
+
+*** execution on demand and on export
+    Let's use an asterisk to indicate content which includes the
+    *result* of code evaluation, rather than the code itself. Clearly
+    we have a requirement for the following transformation:
+
+    org \to org*
+
+    Let's say this transformation is effected by a function
+    `org-eval-buffer'. This transformation is necessary when the
+    target format is org (say you want to update the values in an org
+    table, or generate a plot and create an org link to it), and it
+    can also be used as the first step by which to reach html and
+    latex:
+    
+    org \to org* \to html
+
+    org \to org* \to latex
+
+    Thus in principle we can reach our 3 target formats with
+    `org-eval-buffer', `org-export-as-latex' and `org-export-as-html'.
+    
+    An extra transformation that we might want is
+    
+    org \to latex
+
+    I.e. export to latex without evaluation of code, in such a way that R
+    code can subsequently be evaluated using
+    =Sweave(driver=RweaveLatex)=, which is what the R community is
+    used to. This would provide a `bail out' avenue where users can
+    escape org mode and enter a workflow in which the latex/noweb file
+    is treated as source.
+
+**** How do we implement `org-eval-buffer'?
+    
+     AIUI The following can all be viewed as implementations of
+     org-eval-buffer for R code:
+
+     (see this question again posed in [[file:org-babel/org-babel-R.el::Maybe%20the%20following%20be%20replaced%20with%20a%20method%20using%20ess%20execute][org-babel-R.el]])
+    
+***** org-eval-light
+      This is the beginnings of a general evaluation mechanism, that
+      could evaluate python, ruby, shell, perl, in addition to R.
+      The header says it's based on org-eval
+
+      what is org-eval??
+      
+      org-eval was written by Carsten.  It lives in the
+      org/contrib/lisp directory because it is too dangerous to
+      include in the base.  Unlike org-eval-light org-eval evaluates
+      all source blocks in an org-file when the file is first opened,
+      which could be a security nightmare for example if someone
+      emailed you a pernicious file.
+      
+***** org-R
+      This accomplishes org \to org* in elisp by visiting code blocks
+      and evaluating code using ESS.
+
+***** RweaveOrg
+      This accomplishes org \to org* using R via
+      
+: Sweave("file-with-unevaluated-code.org", driver=RweaveOrg, syntax=SweaveSyntaxOrg)
+
+***** org-exp-blocks.el
+      Like org-R, this achieves org \to org* in elisp by visiting code
+      blocks and using ESS to evaluate R code.
+
+*** source blocks
+(see [[* Special editing and evaluation of source code][Special editing and evaluation of source code]])
+
+*** header arguments
+(see [[* block headers/parameters][block headers/parameters]])
+
+There are going to be many cases where we want to use header arguments
+to change the evaluation options of source code, to pass external
+information to a block of source code and control the inclusion of
+evaluation results.
+
+*** inline source evaluation
+*** included source file evaluation
+It may be nice to be able to include an entire external file of source
+code, and then evaluate and export that code as if it were in the
+file.  The format for such a file inclusion could optionally look like
+the following
+
+: #+include_src filename header_arguments
+
+*** caching of evaluation
+
+Any kind of code that can have a block evaluated could optionally define
+a function to write the output to a file, or to serialize the output of
+the function.  If a document or block is configured to cache input,
+write all cached blocks to their own files and either a) hash them, or
+b) let git and org-attach track them.  Before a block gets eval'd, we
+check to see if it has changed.  If a document or block is configured to
+cache output and a print/serialize function is available, write the
+output of each cached block to its own file.  When the file is eval'd
+and some sort of display is called for, only update the display if the
+output has changed.  Each of these would have an override, presumably
+something like (... & force) that could be triggered with a prefix arg
+to the eval or export function.
+
+For R, I would say
+
+#+begin_src emacs-lisp
+;; fake code that only pretends to work
+(add-hook 'rorg-store-output-hook 
+    '("r" lambda (block-environment block-label)
+        (ess-exec (concat "save.image("
+                          block-environment
+                          ", file = " block-label
+                          ".Rdata, compress=TRUE)"))))
+#+end_src
+
+The idea being that for r blocks that get eval'd, if output needs to be
+stored, you should write the entire environment that was created in that
+block to an Rdata file.
+
+(see [[* block scoping][block scoping]])
+
+** interaction with the source-code's process
+We should settle on a uniform API for sending code and receiving
+output from a source process.  Then to add a new language all we need
+to do is implement this API.
+
+for related notes see ([[* Interaction with the R process][Interaction with the R process]])
+
+** output of code evaluation
+*** textual/numeric output
+    We (optionally) incorporate the text output as text in the target
+    document
+*** graphical output
+    We either link to the graphics or (html/latex) include them
+    inline.
+    
+    I would say, if the block is being evaluated interactively then
+    lets pop up the image in a new window, and if it is being exported
+    then we can just include a link to the file which will be exported
+    appropriately by org-mode.
+    
+*** non-graphics files
+    ? We link to other file output
+*** side effects
+If we are using a continuous process in (for example an R process
+handled by ESS) then any side effects of the process (for example
+setting values of R variables) will be handled automatically
+
+Are there side-effects which need to be considered aside from those
+internal to the source-code evaluation process?
+
+** reference to data and evaluation results
+   I think this will be very important.  I would suggest that since we
+   are using lisp we use lists as our medium of exchange.  Then all we
+   need are functions going converting all of our target formats to and
+   from lists.  These functions are already provided by for org tables.
+
+   It would be a boon both to org users and R users to allow org tables
+   to be manipulated with the R programming language.  Org tables give R
+   users an easy way to enter and display data; R gives org users a
+   powerful way to perform vector operations, statistical tests, and
+   visualization on their tables.
+
+   This means that we will need to consider unique id's for source
+   blocks, as well as for org tables, and for any other data source or
+   target.
+
+*** Implementations
+**** naive
+     Naive implementation would be to use =(org-export-table "tmp.csv")=
+     and =(ess-execute "read.csv('tmp.csv')")=.  
+**** org-R
+     org-R passes data to R from two sources: org tables, or csv
+     files. Org tables are first exported to a temporary csv file
+     using [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el::defun%20org%20R%20export%20to%20csv%20csv%20file%20options][org-R-export-to-csv]].
+**** org-exp-blocks
+     org-exp-blocks uses [[org-interblock-R-command-to-string]] to send
+     commands to an R process running in a comint buffer through ESS.
+     org-exp-blocks has no support for dumping table data to R process, or
+     vice versa.
+
+**** RweaveOrg
+     NA
+
+*** reference format
+    This will be tricky, Dan has already come up with a solution for R, I
+    need to look more closely at that and we should try to come up with a
+    formats for referencing data from source-code in such a way that it
+    will be as source-code-language independent as possible.
+    
+    Org tables already have a sophisticated reference system in place
+    that allows referencing table ranges in other files, as well as
+    specifying constants in the header arguments of a table.  This is
+    described in [[info:org:References]].
+
+**** Dan: thinking aloud re: referencing data from R
+     Suppose in some R code, we want to reference data in an org
+     table. I think that requires the use of 'header arguments', since
+     otherwise, under pure evaluation of a code block without header
+     args, R has no way to locate the data in the org buffer. So that
+     suggests a mechanism like that used by org-R whereby table names
+     or unique entry IDs are used to reference org tables (and indeed
+     potentially row/column ranges within org tables, although that
+     subsetting could also be done in R).
+
+     Specifically what org-R does is write the table to a temp csv
+     file, and tell R the name of that file. However:
+
+     1. We are not limited to a single source of input; the same sort
+        of thing could be done for several sources of input
+
+     2. I don't think we even have to use temp files. An alternative
+        would be to have org pass the table contents as a csv-format
+        string to textConnection() in R, thus creating an arbitrary
+        number of input objects in the appropriate R environment
+        (scope) from which the R code can read data when necessary.
+
+	That suggests a header option syntax something like
+    
+#+begin_src emacs-lisp
+'(:R-obj-name-1 tbl-name-or-id-1 :R-obj-name-2 tbl-name-or-id-2)
+#+end_src
+
+As a result of passing that option, the code would be able to access
+the data referenced by table-name-or-id-2 via read.table(R-obj-name-1).
+
+An extension of that idea would be to allow remote files to be used as
+data sources. In this case one might need just the remote file (if
+it's a csv file), or if it's an org file then the name of the file
+plus a table reference within that org file. Thus maybe something like
+
+#+begin_src emacs-lisp
+'((R-obj-name-1 . (:tblref tbl-name-or-id-1 :file file-1))
+  (R-obj-name-2 . (:tblref tbl-name-or-id-2 :file file-2)))
+#+end_src emacs-lisp
+
+**** Eric: referencing data in general
+So here's some thoughts for referencing data (henceforth referred to
+as *resources*).  I think this is the next thing we need to tackle for
+implementation to move forward.  We don't need to implement everything
+below right off the bat, but I'd like to get these lists as full as
+possible so we don't make any implementation assumptions which
+preclude real needs.
+
+We need to reference resources of the following types...
+
+- table (list)
+- output from a source code block (list or hash)
+- property values of an outline header (hash)
+- list (list)
+- description list (hash)
+- more?...
+
+All of these resources will live in org files which could be
+
+- the current file (default)
+- another file on the same system (path)
+- another file on the web (url)
+- another file in a git repo (file and commit hash)
+
+What information should each of these resources be able to supply?
+I'm thinking (again not that we'll implement all of these but just to
+think of them)...
+
+- ranges or points of vector data
+- key/value pairs from a hash
+- when the object was last modified
+- commit info (author, date, message, sha, etc...)
+- pointers to the resources upon which the resource relies
+
+So we need a referencing syntax powerful enough to handle all of these
+alternatives.  Maybe something like =path:sha:name:range= where
+
+- path :: is empty for the current file, is a path for files on the
+          same system, and is a url otherwise
+- sha :: is an option git commit indicator
+- name :: is the table/header/source-block name or id for location
+          inside of the org file (this would not be optional)
+- range :: would indicate which information is requested from the
+           resource, so it could be a range to access parts of a
+           table, or the names of properties to be referenced from an
+           outline header
+
+Once we agree on how this should work, I'll try to stub out some code,
+so that we can get some simple subset of this functionality working,
+hopefully something complex enough to do the following...
+- [[* resource reference example][resource-reference-example]]
+
+***** questions
+****** multiple outputs
+Do we want things like a source code block to leave multiple outputs,
+or do we only want them to be able to output one vector or hash?
+
+****** environment (state and side-effects)
+This design assumes that any changes will explicitly pass data in a
+functional programming style.  This makes no assumptions about things
+like source code blocks changing state (in general state changes lead
+to more difficult debugging).
+
+- Do we want to take steps so ensure we do things like execute
+  consecutive R blocks in different environment, or do we want to
+  allow state changes?
+- Does this matter?
+
+****** passing arguments to resources
+So I(eric) may be getting ahead of myself here, but what do you think
+about the ability to pass arguments to resources.  I'm having visions
+of google map-reduce, processes spread out across multiple machines.
+
+Maybe we could do this by allowing the arguments to be specified?
+
+*** source-target pairs
+
+    The following can be used for special considerations based on
+    source-target pairs
+
+    Dan: I don't quite understand this subtree; Eric -- could you give
+    a little more explanation of this and of your comment above
+    regarding using [[lists as our medium of exchange]]?
+    
+**** source block output from org tables
+**** source block outpt from other source block
+**** source block output from org list
+**** org table from source block
+**** org table from org table
+**** org properties from source block
+**** org properties from org table
+     
+** export
+   once the previous objectives are met export should be fairly simple.
+   Basically it will consist of triggering the evaluation of source code
+   blocks with the org-export-preprocess-hook.
+
+   This block export evaluation will be aware of the target format
+   through the htmlp and latexp variables, and can then create quoted
+   =#+begin_html= and =#+begin_latex= blocks appropriately.
+   
+   There will also need to be a set of header arguments related to
+   code export.  These would be similar to the results header
+   arguments but would apply to how to handle execution and results
+   during export.
+
+
+* Notes
+** Block Formats
+   Unfortunately org-mode how two different block types, both useful.
+   In developing RweaveOrg, a third was introduced.
+
+   Eric is leaning towards using the =#+begin_src= blocks, as that is
+   really what these blocks contain: source code.  Austin believes
+   that specifying export options at the beginning of a block is
+   useful functionality, to be preserved if possible.
+
+   Note that upper and lower case are not relevant in block headings.
+
+*** PROPOSED block format
+I (Eric) propose that we use the syntax of source code blocks as they
+currently exist in org-mode with the addition of *evaluation*,
+*header-arguments*, *exportation*, *single-line-blocks*, and
+*references-to-table-data*.
+
+1) *evaluation*: These blocks can be evaluated through =\C-c\C-c= with
+   a slight addition to the code already present and working in
+   [[file:existing_tools/org-eval-light.el][org-eval-light.el]].  All we should need to add for R support would
+   be an appropriate entry in [[org-eval-light-interpreters]] with a
+   corresponding evaluation function.  For an example usinga
+   org-eval-light see [[* src block evaluation w/org-eval-light]].
+
+2) *header-arguments*: These can be implemented along the lines of
+   Austin's header arguments in [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/org-sweave.el][org-sweave.el]].
+
+3) *exportation*: Should be as similar as possible to that done by
+   Sweave, and hopefully can re-use some of the code currently present
+   in [[file:existing_tools/exp-blocks/org-exp-blocks.el ][org-exp-blocks.el]].
+
+4) *single-line-blocks*: It seems that it is useful to be able to
+   place a single line of R code on a line by itself.  Should we add
+   syntax for this similar to Dan's =#+RR:= lines?  I would lean
+   towards something here that can be re-used for any type of source
+   code in the same manner as the =#+begin_src R= blocks, maybe
+   =#+src_R=? Dan: I'm fine with this, but don't think single-line
+   blocks are a priority. My =#+R= lines were something totally
+   different: an attempt to have users specify R code implicitly,
+   using org-mode option syntax.
+
+5) *references-to-table-data*: I get this impression that this is
+   vital to the efficient use of R code in an org file, so we should
+   come up with a way to reference table data from a single-line-block
+   or from an R source-code block.  It looks like Dan has already done
+   this in [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el][org-R.el]].
+
+Syntax
+
+Multi-line Block
+: #+begin_src lang header-arguments
+:  body
+: #+end
+- lang :: the language of the block (R, shell, elisp, etc...)
+- header-arguments :: a list of optional arguments which control how
+     the block is evaluated and exported, and how the results are handled
+- body :: the actual body of the block
+
+Single-line Block
+: #+begin_src lang body
+- It's not clear how/if we would include header-arguments into a
+  single line block.  Suggestions? Can we just leave them out?  Dan:
+  I'm not too worried about single line blocks to start off
+  with. Their main advantage seems to be that they save 2 lines.
+  Eric: Fair enough, lets not worry about this now, also I would guess
+  that any code simple enough to fit on one line wouldn't need header
+  arguments anyways.
+
+Include Block
+: #+include_src lang filename header-arguments
+- I think this would be useful, and should be much more work (Dan:
+  didn't get the meaning of that last clause!?).  Eric: scratch that,
+  I meant "*shouldn't* be too much work" :) That way whole external
+  files of source code could be evaluated as if they were an inline
+  block. Dan: again I'd say not a massive priority, as I think all the
+  languages we have in mind have facilities for doing this natively,
+  thus I think the desired effect can often be achieved from within a
+  #+begin_src block.  Eric: Agreed, while this would be a nice thing
+  to include we shouldn't wast too much effort on it in the beginning.
+
+What do you think?  Does this accomplish everything we want to be able
+to do with embedded R source code blocks?
+
+***** src block evaluation w/org-eval-light
+here's an example using org-eval-light.el
+
+first load the org-eval-light.el file
+
+[[elisp:(load (expand-file-name "org-eval-light.el" (expand-file-name "existing_tools" (file-name-directory buffer-file-name))))]]
+
+then press =\C-c\C-c= inside of the following src code snippet.  The
+results should appear in a comment immediately following the source
+code block.  It shouldn't be too hard to add R support to this
+function through the `org-eval-light-interpreters' variable.
+
+(Dan: The following causes error on export to HTML hence spaces inserted at bol)
+
+ #+begin_src shell
+date
+ #+end_src
+
+*** existing formats
+**** Source code blocks 
+    Org has an extremely useful method of editing source code and
+    examples in their native modes.  In the case of R code, we want to
+    be able to use the full functionality of ESS mode, including
+    interactive evaluation of code.
+
+    Source code blocks look like the following and allow for the
+    special editing of code inside of the block through
+    `org-edit-special'.
+
+#+BEGIN_SRC r
+
+,## hit C-c ' within this block to enter a temporary buffer in r-mode.
+
+,## while in the temporary buffer, hit C-c C-c on this comment to
+,## evaluate this block
+a <- 3
+a
+
+,## hit C-c ' to exit the temporary buffer
+#+END_SRC     
+
+**** dblocks
+    dblocks are useful because org-mode will automatically call
+    `org-dblock-write:dblock-type' where dblock-type is the string
+    following the =#+BEGIN:= portion of the line.
+
+    dblocks look like the following and allow for evaluation of the
+    code inside of the block by calling =\C-c\C-c= on the header of
+    the block.  
+
+#+BEGIN: dblock-type
+#+END:
+
+**** R blocks
+     In developing RweaveOrg, Austin created [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/org-sweave.el][org-sweave.el]].  This
+     allows for the kind of blocks shown in [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/testing.Rorg][testing.Rorg]].  These blocks
+     have the advantage of accepting options to the Sweave preprocessor
+     following the #+BEGIN_R declaration.
+
+*** block headers/parameters
+Regardless of the syntax/format chosen for the source blocks, we will
+need to be able to pass a list of parameters to these blocks.  These
+should include (but should certainly not be limited to)
+- label or id :: Label of the block, should we provide facilities for
+                 automatically generating a unique one of these?
+- file :: names of file to which graphical/textual/numerical/tabular output
+  should be written.  Do we need this, or should this be controlled
+  through the source code itself?
+- results :: indication of where the results should be placed, maybe
+             the following values...
+  - append :: *default* meaning just append to the current buffer
+              immediately following the current source block
+  - replace :: like append, but replace any results currently there
+  - file :: save the results in a new file, and place a link to the
+            file into the current buffer immediately following the
+            source code block
+  - table :: save the results into a table, maybe use a table id:range
+             to identify which table and where therein
+  - nil :: meaning just discard the results
+- not sure of a good name here :: flags for when/if the block should
+     be evaluated (on export etc...)
+- again can't thing of a concise name :: flags for how the results of
+     the export should be displayed/included
+- scope :: flag indicating whether the block should have a local or
+           global scope
+- flags specific to the language of the source block
+- etc...
+
+I think fleshing out this list is an important next step.
+
+** Interaction with the R process
+
+We should take care to implement this in such a way that all of the
+different components which have to interactive with R including:
+- evaluation of source code blocks
+- automatic evaluation on export
+- evaluation of \R{} snippets
+- evaluation of single source code lines
+- evaluation of included source code files
+- sending/receiving vector data
+
+I think we currently have two implementations of interaction with R
+processes; [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el][org-R.el]] and [[file:existing_tools/exp-blocks/org-exp-blocks.el ][org-exp-blocks.el]].  We should be sure to take
+the best of each of these approaches.
+
+More on the exchange of data at between org-mode and source code
+blocks at [[* reference to data and evaluation results][reference to data and evaluation results]].
+
+** block scoping
+(see [[* caching of evaluation][caching of evaluation]])
+
+This inadvertently raises the issue of scoping.  The pretend function
+pretends that we will create a block-local scope, and that we can save
+just the things in that scope.  Sweave takes the make-everything-global
+approach.  I can see advantages either way.  If we make block-local
+scopes, we can save each one independently, and generally speaking it
+seems like more granularity==more control.  If we make everything
+global, we can refer to entities declared in earlier blocks without
+having to explicitly import those entities into the current block.  I
+think this counts in the "need to think about it early on" category.
+
+If we did want block-local scopes, in R we can start every eval with
+something like
+
+;; fake code that pretends to create a new, empty environment
+(ess-exec (concat block-env " <- new.env()"))
+(ess-exec (concat "eval(" block-contents ", envir=" block-env ")"))
+
+If we decide we want block-scoping, I'm sure Dan and I can figure out
+the right way to do this in R, if he hasn't already.  I haven't thought
+at all about how these scope issues generalize to, say, bash blocks.
+
+Maybe this is something that should be controlled by a header
+argument?
+
+** =\C-c\C-c= evaluation
+
+With org-mode version at least 6.23, see the documentation for
+[[info:org:Context-sensitive%20commands][info:org:Context-sensitive commands]].
+
+** free explicit variables
+Maybe we should have some idea of variables independent of any
+particular type of source code or source block.  These could be
+variables that have a value inside of the scope of the org-mode file,
+and they could be used as a transport mechanism for information
+transfer between org-tables, org-lists, and different source-blocks.
+
+Each type of source code (and org-mode types like tables, lists,
+etc...) would need to implement functions for converting different
+types of data to and from these variables (which would be elisp
+variables).
+
+So for example say we want to read the values from a table into an R
+block, perform some calculations, and then write the results back into
+the table.  We could
+1) assign the table to a variable
+   - the table would be converted into a lisp vector (list of lists)
+   - the vector would be saved in the variable
+2) an R source block would reference the variable
+   - the variable would be instantiated into an R variable (through
+     mechanisms mentioned [[* Dan: thinking aloud re: referencing data from R][elsewhere]])
+   - the R code is executed, and the value of the variable *inside of
+     R* is updated
+   - when the R block finished the value of the variable *globally in
+     the org buffer* would be updated
+3) optionally the global value of the variable would be converted back
+   into an org-mode table and would be used to overwrite the existing
+   table.
+
+What do you think?
+
+This might not be too different from what we were already talking
+about, but I think the introduction of the idea of having variables
+existing independently of any tables or source code blocks is novel
+and probably has some advantages (and probably shortfalls).
+
+
+* COMMENT Commentary
+I'm seeing this as like commit notes, and a place for less formal
+communication of the goals of our changes.
+
+** Eric <2009-02-06 Fri 15:41>
+I think we're getting close to a comprehensive set of objectives
+(although since you two are the real R user's I leave that decision up
+to you).  Once we've agreed on a set of objectives and agreed on at
+least to broad strokes of implementation, I think we should start
+listing out and assigning tasks.
+
+** Eric <2009-02-09 Mon 14:25>
+I've done a fairly destructive edit of this file.  The main goal was
+to enforce a structure on the document that we can use moving forward,
+so that any future objective changes are all made to the main
+objective list.
+
+I apologize for removing sections written by other people.  I did this
+when they were redundant or it was not clear how to fit them into this
+structure.  Rest assured if the previous text wasn't persisted in git
+I would have been much more cautious about removing it.
+
+I hope that this outline structure should be able to remain stable
+through the process of fleshing out objectives, and cashing those
+objectives out into tasks.  That said, please feel free to make any
+changes that you see fit.
+
+** Dan <2009-02-12 Thu 10:23>
+   Good job Eric with major works on this file.
+
+** Eric <2009-02-22 Sun 13:17>
+So I skipped ahead and got started on the fun part.  Namely stubbing
+out some of the basic functionality.  Please don't take any of the
+decisions I've made so far (on things like names, functionality,
+design etc...) as final decisions, I'm of course open to and hoping
+for improvement.
+
+So far [[file:org-babel/org-babel.el][org-babel.el]] and [[file:org-babel/org-babel-script.el][org-babel-script.el]] can be used to evaluate source
+code blocks of simple scripting languages.  It shouldn't be too hard
+(any takers) to write a org-babel-R.el modeled after org-babel-script.el
+to use for evaluating R code files.
+
+See the [[* org-babel.el beginning functionality][Sandbox]] for evaluable examples.
+
+** Eric <2009-02-23 Mon 15:12>
+While thinking about how to implement the transfer of data between
+source blocks and the containing org-mode file, I decided it *might*
+be useful to explicitly support the existence of variables which exist
+independent of source blocks or tables.  I'd appreciate any
+feedback... (see [[free explicit variables][free explicit variables]])
+
+** Eric <2009-02-23 Mon 17:53>
+So as I start populating this file with source code blocks I figure I
+should share this... I don't know if you guys use [[http://code.google.com/p/smart-snippet/][yasnippet]] at all,
+but if you do you might find this [[file:block][block-snippet]] org-mode snippet
+useful (I use it all the time).
+
+** Dan <2009-05-14 Thu 19:13>
+   Please note that I am at an early stage of learning org-babel /
+   studying the code so I may be misunderstanding things.
+   1. removed prefix arg [[2. evaluate the transpose definition =\C-c\C-c= on the beginning of][here]]
+   2. changed :replace -> replace 
+   3. added some tasks and bugs
+      
+
+* Buffer Dictionary
+ LocalWords:  DBlocks dblocks org-babel el eric litorgical fontification
+
+
+

+ 50 - 766
org-babel.org

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 * Introduction
 
-Litorgy enables *communication* between programming languages and
+Org-Babel enables *communication* between programming languages and
 between people.
 
-Litorgy provides:
+Org-Babel provides:
 - communication between programs :: Data passes seamlessly between
      different programming languages, text, and tables.
 - communication between people :: Data and calculations are embedded
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ Literate Programming.
    and results in other buffers.
    
    See...
-   - [[file:litorgy/litorgy-ref.el::TODO%20allow%20searching%20for%20names%20in%20other%20buffers][litorgy-ref.el:searching-in-other-buffers]]
-   - [[file:litorgy/litorgy.el::defun%20litorgy%20find%20named%20result%20name][litorgy.el#litorgy-find-named-result]]
+   - [[file:org-babel/org-babel-ref.el::TODO%20allow%20searching%20for%20names%20in%20other%20buffers][org-babel-ref.el:searching-in-other-buffers]]
+   - [[file:org-babel/org-babel.el::defun%20org-babel%20find%20named%20result%20name][org-babel.el#org-babel-find-named-result]]
 
 ** TODO figure out how to handle graphic output
 This is listed under [[* graphical output][graphical output]] in out objectives.
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ results in the buffer.  Then if there is a combination of =silent= and
 =file= =:results= headers we could drop the results to a temp buffer
 and pop open that buffer...
 
-** TODO share litorgy
-how should we share litorgy?
+** TODO share org-babel
+how should we share org-babel?
 
 - post to org-mode and ess mailing lists
-- create a litorgy page on worg
-- create a short screencast demonstrating litorgy in action
+- create a org-babel page on worg
+- create a short screencast demonstrating org-babel in action
 
 *** examples
 we need to think up some good examples
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ source-code blocks could be used with confidence (and executed
 directly from) the rest of the tutorial.
 
 **** answering a text-book question w/code example
-litorgy is an ideal environment enabling both the development and
+org-babel is an ideal environment enabling both the development and
 demonstrationg of the code snippets required as answers to many
 text-book questions.
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ du -sc ~/*
 
 ** TODO command line execution
 Allow source code blocks to be called form the command line.  This
-will be easy using the =sbe= function in [[file:litorgy/litorgy-table.el][litorgy-table.el]].
+will be easy using the =sbe= function in [[file:org-babel/org-babel-table.el][org-babel-table.el]].
 
 This will rely upon [[* resolve references to other buffers][resolve references to other buffers]].
 
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ manner.
 ** PROPOSED re-implement helper functions from org-R
 Much of the power of org-R seems to be in it's helper functions for
 the quick graphing of tables.  Should we try to re-implement these
-functions on top of litorgy?
+functions on top of org-babel?
 
-I'm thinking this may be useful both to add features to litorgy-R and
+I'm thinking this may be useful both to add features to org-babel-R and
 also to potentially suggest extensions of the framework.  For example
 one that comes to mind is the ability to treat a source-code block
 like a function which accepts arguments and returns results. Actually
@@ -187,13 +187,13 @@ this can be it's own TODO (see [[* source blocks as functions][source blocks as
    When passing args from the org buffer to R, the following route is
    used: arg in buffer -> elisp -> tsv on file -> data frame in R. I
    think it would be possible to avoid having to write to file by
-   constructing an R expression in litorgy-R-assign-elisp, something
+   constructing an R expression in org-babel-R-assign-elisp, something
    like this
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
-(litorgy-R-input-command
+(org-babel-R-input-command
  (format  "%s <- read.table(textConnection(\"%s\"), sep=\"\\t\", as.is=TRUE)"
-	  name (orgtbl-to-tsv value '(:sep "\t" :fmt litorgy-R-quote-tsv-field))))
+	  name (orgtbl-to-tsv value '(:sep "\t" :fmt org-babel-R-quote-tsv-field))))
 #+end_src
 
    I haven't tried to implement this yet as it's basically just
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ mean(mean(vec))
 
    ess-execute
 
-   Lets just replace =litorgy-R-input-command= with =ess-execute=.
+   Lets just replace =org-babel-R-input-command= with =ess-execute=.
 
    I tried this, and although it works in some situations, I find that
    =ess-command= will often just hang indefinitely without returning
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ mean(mean(vec))
    is undesirable.  For now these functions can not be used.  Maybe
    someone more familiar with the ESS code can recommend proper usage
    of =ess-command= or some other lower-level function which could be
-   used in place of [[file:litorgy/litorgy-R.el::defun%20litorgy%20R%20input%20command%20command][litorgy-R-input-command]].
+   used in place of [[file:org-babel/org-babel-R.el::defun%20org-babel%20R%20input%20command%20command][org-babel-R-input-command]].
 
 *** ess functions
    
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ to the command if BUFF is not given.)
     the background (see [[http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ExecuteExternalCommand#toc4][external-commands]]).  Although a more extensible
     solution may involve the use of the [[elisp:(progn (describe-function 'call-process-region) nil)][call-process-region]] function.
     
-    Going to try this out in a new file [[file:litorgy/litorgy-proc.el][litorgy-proc.el]].  This should
+    Going to try this out in a new file [[file:org-babel/org-babel-proc.el][org-babel-proc.el]].  This should
     contain functions for asynchronously running generic shell commands
     in the background, and then returning their input.
 
@@ -327,16 +327,16 @@ to the command if BUFF is not given.)
      It may be nice and not too difficult to place a spinner on/near the
      evaluating source code block
 
-*** TODO conversion of output from interactive shell, R (and python) sessions to litorgy buffers
-    [DED] This would be a nice feature I think. Although a litorgy purist
+*** TODO conversion of output from interactive shell, R (and python) sessions to org-babel buffers
+    [DED] This would be a nice feature I think. Although a org-babel purist
     would say that it's working the wrong way round... After some
     interactive work in a *R* buffer, you save the buffer, maybe edit
-    out some lines, and then convert it to litorgy format for
+    out some lines, and then convert it to org-babel format for
     posterity. Same for a shell session either in a *shell* buffer, or
     pasted from another terminal emulator. And python of course.
 
 ** DONE ensure that table ranges work
-when a table range is passed to litorgy as an argument, it should be
+when a table range is passed to org-babel as an argument, it should be
 interpreted as a vector.
 
 | 1 | 2 | simple       |
@@ -374,12 +374,12 @@ ar.size
 : 3
 
 ** DONE global variable indicating default to vector output
-how about an alist... =litorgy-default-header-args= this may already
+how about an alist... =org-babel-default-header-args= this may already
 exist... just execute the following and all source blocks will default
 to vector output
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp 
-(setq litorgy-default-header-args '((:results . "vector")))
+(setq org-babel-default-header-args '((:results . "vector")))
 #+end_src
 
 ** DONE name named results if source block is named
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ currently this isn't happening although it should be
 #+resname: test-naming-named-source-blocks
 : :namer
 ** DONE (simple caching) check for named results before source blocks
-see the TODO comment in [[file:litorgy/litorgy-ref.el::TODO%20This%20should%20explicitly%20look%20for%20resname%20lines%20before][litorgy-ref.el#litorgy-ref-resolve-reference]]
+see the TODO comment in [[file:org-babel/org-babel-ref.el::TODO%20This%20should%20explicitly%20look%20for%20resname%20lines%20before][org-babel-ref.el#org-babel-ref-resolve-reference]]
 ** DONE set =:results silent= when eval with prefix argument
 
 #+begin_src emacs-lisp
@@ -495,10 +495,10 @@ header.
 
 *** TODO teach references to resolve =#+resname= lines.
 
-** DONE litorgy tests litorgy [1/1]
+** DONE org-babel tests org-babel [1/1]
 since we are accumulating this nice collection of source-code blocks
 in the sandbox section we should make use of them as unit tests.
-What's more, we should be able to actually use litorgy to run these
+What's more, we should be able to actually use org-babel to run these
 tests.
 
 We would just need to cycle over every source code block under the
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ expect.
 
 I have the feeling that this should be possible using only litorgical
 functions with minimal or no additional elisp.  It would be very cool
-for litorgy to be able to test itself.
+for org-babel to be able to test itself.
 
 This is now done, see [[* Tests]].
 
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ ensue
 #+end_src
 
 ** DONE integration with org tables
-We should make it easy to call litorgy source blocks from org-mode
+We should make it easy to call org-babel source blocks from org-mode
 table formulas.  This is practical now that it is possible to pass
 arguments to litorgical source blocks.
 
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ and evaluate it.
     operation.
 
 ** DONE selective export of text, code, figures
-   [DED] The litorgy buffer contains everything (code, headings and
+   [DED] The org-babel buffer contains everything (code, headings and
    notes/prose describing what you're up to, textual/numeric/graphical
    code output, etc). However on export to html / LaTeX one might want
    to include only a subset of that content. For example you might
@@ -677,12 +677,12 @@ example in the [[* emacs lisp source reference][emacs lisp source reference]].
 I'm sure there are many more that aren't listed here.  Please add
 them, and bubble any that you particularly care about up to the top.
 
-Any new language should be implemented in a litorgy-lang.el file.
-Follow the pattern set by [[file:litorgy/litorgy-script.el][litorgy-script.el]], [[file:litorgy/litorgy-shell.el][litorgy-shell.el]] and
-[[file:litorgy/litorgy-R.el][litorgy-R.el]].
+Any new language should be implemented in a org-babel-lang.el file.
+Follow the pattern set by [[file:org-babel/org-babel-script.el][org-babel-script.el]], [[file:org-babel/org-babel-shell.el][org-babel-shell.el]] and
+[[file:org-babel/org-babel-R.el][org-babel-R.el]].
 
 *** TODO perl
-This could probably be added to [[file:litorgy/litorgy-script.el][litorgy-script.el]]
+This could probably be added to [[file:org-babel/org-babel-script.el][org-babel-script.el]]
 
 *** TODO java
 
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ even a third"
 
 ** TODO cursor movement when evaluating source blocks
    E.g. the pie chart example. Despite the save-window-excursion in
-   litorgy-execute:R. (I never learned how to do this properly: org-R
+   org-babel-execute:R. (I never learned how to do this properly: org-R
    jumps all over the place...)
 
 ** DONE error on trivial R results
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ ls
 | "examples.org"     |
 | "existing_tools"   |
 | "intro.org"        |
-| "litorgy"          |
+| "org-babel"          |
 | "rorg.org"         |
 | "test-export.html" |
 | "test-export.org"  |
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ following message =no result returned by source block=.
 
 ** DONE ruby arrays not recognized as such
 
-Something is wrong in [[file:litorgy/litorgy-script.el]] related to the
+Something is wrong in [[file:org-babel/org-babel-script.el]] related to the
 recognition of ruby arrays as such.
 
 #+begin_src ruby :results replace
@@ -965,19 +965,19 @@ recognition of ruby arrays as such.
 * Tests
 
 Evaluate all the cells in this table for a comprehensive test of the
-litorgy functionality.
+org-babel functionality.
 
-*Note*: if you have customized =litorgy-default-header-args= then some
+*Note*: if you have customized =org-babel-default-header-args= then some
 of these tests may fail.
 
-#+TBLNAME: litorgy-tests
+#+TBLNAME: org-babel-tests
 | functionality           | block                      | arg |    expected |     results | pass |
 |-------------------------+----------------------------+-----+-------------+-------------+------|
 | basic evaluation        |                            |     |             |             | pass |
 |-------------------------+----------------------------+-----+-------------+-------------+------|
 | emacs lisp              | basic-elisp                |     |           5 |           5 | pass |
 | shell                   | basic-shell                |     |           6 |           6 | pass |
-| ruby                    | basic-ruby                 |     |     litorgy |     litorgy | pass |
+| ruby                    | basic-ruby                 |     |     org-babel |     org-babel | pass |
 | python                  | basic-python               |     | hello world | hello world | pass |
 | R                       | basic-R                    |     |          13 |          13 | pass |
 |-------------------------+----------------------------+-----+-------------+-------------+------|
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ expr 1 + 5
 
 #+srcname: basic-ruby
 #+begin_src ruby :results silent
-"litorgy"
+"org-babel"
 #+end_src
 
 #+srcname: basic-python
@@ -1157,9 +1157,9 @@ triv.class.name
   :PROPERTIES:
   :CUSTOM_ID: sandbox
   :END:
-To run these examples evaluate [[file:litorgy/litorgy-init.el][litorgy-init.el]]
+To run these examples evaluate [[file:org-babel/org-babel-init.el][org-babel-init.el]]
 
-** litorgy.el beginning functionality
+** org-babel.el beginning functionality
 
 #+begin_src sh  :results replace
 date
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ Time.now
 : Hello World
 
 
-** litorgy-R
+** org-babel-R
 
 #+begin_src R :results replace
 a <- 9
@@ -1195,14 +1195,14 @@ hist(rgamma(20,3,3))
 #+end_src
 
 
-** litorgy plays with tables
-Alright, this should demonstrate both the ability of litorgy to read
+** org-babel plays with tables
+Alright, this should demonstrate both the ability of org-babel to read
 tables into a lisp source code block, and to then convert the results
 of the source code block into an org table.  It's using the classic
 "lisp is elegant" demonstration transpose function.  To try this
 out...
 
-1. evaluate [[file:litorgy/init.el]] to load litorgy and friends
+1. evaluate [[file:org-babel/init.el]] to load org-babel and friends
 2. evaluate the transpose definition =\C-c\C-c= on the beginning of
    the source block
 3. evaluate the next source code block, this should read in the table
@@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ ls -l
 | "-rw-r--r--" |   1 | "dan" | "dan" |   722 | 2009 | 18 | "examples.org"    |
 | "drwxr-xr-x" |   4 | "dan" | "dan" |  4096 | 2009 | 19 | "existing_tools"  |
 | "-rw-r--r--" |   1 | "dan" | "dan" |  2207 | 2009 | 14 | "intro.org"       |
-| "drwxr-xr-x" |   2 | "dan" | "dan" |  4096 | 2009 | 18 | "litorgy"         |
+| "drwxr-xr-x" |   2 | "dan" | "dan" |  4096 | 2009 | 18 | "org-babel"         |
 | "-rw-r--r--" |   1 | "dan" | "dan" |   277 | 2009 | 20 | "README.markdown" |
 | "-rw-r--r--" |   1 | "dan" | "dan" | 11837 | 2009 | 18 | "rorg.html"       |
 | "-rw-r--r--" |   1 | "dan" | "dan" | 61829 | 2009 | 19 | "#rorg.org#"      |
@@ -1533,723 +1533,7 @@ silent-result
 #+end_src
 
 
-* COMMENT Commentary
-I'm seeing this as like commit notes, and a place for less formal
-communication of the goals of our changes.
-
-** Eric <2009-02-06 Fri 15:41>
-I think we're getting close to a comprehensive set of objectives
-(although since you two are the real R user's I leave that decision up
-to you).  Once we've agreed on a set of objectives and agreed on at
-least to broad strokes of implementation, I think we should start
-listing out and assigning tasks.
-
-** Eric <2009-02-09 Mon 14:25>
-I've done a fairly destructive edit of this file.  The main goal was
-to enforce a structure on the document that we can use moving forward,
-so that any future objective changes are all made to the main
-objective list.
-
-I apologize for removing sections written by other people.  I did this
-when they were redundant or it was not clear how to fit them into this
-structure.  Rest assured if the previous text wasn't persisted in git
-I would have been much more cautious about removing it.
-
-I hope that this outline structure should be able to remain stable
-through the process of fleshing out objectives, and cashing those
-objectives out into tasks.  That said, please feel free to make any
-changes that you see fit.
-
-** Dan <2009-02-12 Thu 10:23>
-   Good job Eric with major works on this file.
-
-** Eric <2009-02-22 Sun 13:17>
-So I skipped ahead and got started on the fun part.  Namely stubbing
-out some of the basic functionality.  Please don't take any of the
-decisions I've made so far (on things like names, functionality,
-design etc...) as final decisions, I'm of course open to and hoping
-for improvement.
-
-So far [[file:litorgy/litorgy.el][litorgy.el]] and [[file:litorgy/litorgy-script.el][litorgy-script.el]] can be used to evaluate source
-code blocks of simple scripting languages.  It shouldn't be too hard
-(any takers) to write a litorgy-R.el modeled after litorgy-script.el
-to use for evaluating R code files.
-
-See the [[* litorgy.el beginning functionality][Sandbox]] for evaluable examples.
-
-** Eric <2009-02-23 Mon 15:12>
-While thinking about how to implement the transfer of data between
-source blocks and the containing org-mode file, I decided it *might*
-be useful to explicitly support the existence of variables which exist
-independent of source blocks or tables.  I'd appreciate any
-feedback... (see [[free explicit variables][free explicit variables]])
-
-** Eric <2009-02-23 Mon 17:53>
-So as I start populating this file with source code blocks I figure I
-should share this... I don't know if you guys use [[http://code.google.com/p/smart-snippet/][yasnippet]] at all,
-but if you do you might find this [[file:block][block-snippet]] org-mode snippet
-useful (I use it all the time).
-
-** Dan <2009-05-14 Thu 19:13>
-   Please note that I am at an early stage of learning litorgy /
-   studying the code so I may be misunderstanding things.
-   1. removed prefix arg [[2. evaluate the transpose definition =\C-c\C-c= on the beginning of][here]]
-   2. changed :replace -> replace 
-   3. added some tasks and bugs
-      
-
-* Overview
-This project is basically about putting source code into org
-files. This isn't just code to look pretty as a source code example,
-but code to be evaluated. Org files have 3 main export targets: org,
-html and latex. Once we have implemented a smooth bi-directional flow
-of data between org-mode formats (including tables, and maybe lists
-and property values) and source-code blocks, we will be able to use
-org-mode's built in export to publish the results of evaluated source
-code in any org-supported format using org-mode as an intermediate
-format.  We have a current focus on R code, but we are regarding that
-more as a working example than as a defining feature of the project.
-
-The main objectives of this project are...
-
-# Lets start with this list and make changes as appropriate.  Please
-# try to make changes to this list, rather than starting any new
-# lists.
-
-- [[* evaluation of embedded source code][evaluation of embedded source code]]
-  - [[* execution on demand and on export][execution on demand and on export]]
-  - [[* source blocks][source blocks]]
-  - [[* header arguments][header arguments]]
-  - [[* inline source evaluation][inline source evaluation]]
-  - [[* included source file evaluation][included source file evaluation]] ?? maybe
-  - [[* caching of evaluation][caching of evaluation]]
-- [[* interaction with the source-code's process][interaction with the source-code's process]]
-- [[* output of code evaluation][output of code evaluation]]
-  - [[* textual/numeric output][textual/numeric output]]
-  - [[* graphical output][graphical output]]
-  - [[* file creation][non-graphics file creation]]
-  - [[* side effects][side effects]]
-- [[* reference to data and evaluation results][reference to data and evaluation results]]
-  - [[* reference format][reference format]]
-  - [[* source-target pairs][source-target pairs]]
-    - [[* source block output from org tables][source block output from org tables]]
-    - [[* source block outpt from other source block][source block outpt from other source block]]
-    - [[* source block output from org list][source block output from org list]] ?? maybe
-    - [[* org table from source block][org table from source block]]
-    - [[* org table from org table][org table from org table]]
-    - [[* org properties from source block][org properties from source block]]
-    - [[* org properties from org table][org properties from org table]]
-- [[* export][export]]
-
-
-* Objectives and Specs
-
-** evaluation of embedded source code
-
-*** execution on demand and on export
-    Let's use an asterisk to indicate content which includes the
-    *result* of code evaluation, rather than the code itself. Clearly
-    we have a requirement for the following transformation:
-
-    org \to org*
-
-    Let's say this transformation is effected by a function
-    `org-eval-buffer'. This transformation is necessary when the
-    target format is org (say you want to update the values in an org
-    table, or generate a plot and create an org link to it), and it
-    can also be used as the first step by which to reach html and
-    latex:
-    
-    org \to org* \to html
-
-    org \to org* \to latex
-
-    Thus in principle we can reach our 3 target formats with
-    `org-eval-buffer', `org-export-as-latex' and `org-export-as-html'.
-    
-    An extra transformation that we might want is
-    
-    org \to latex
-
-    I.e. export to latex without evaluation of code, in such a way that R
-    code can subsequently be evaluated using
-    =Sweave(driver=RweaveLatex)=, which is what the R community is
-    used to. This would provide a `bail out' avenue where users can
-    escape org mode and enter a workflow in which the latex/noweb file
-    is treated as source.
-
-**** How do we implement `org-eval-buffer'?
-    
-     AIUI The following can all be viewed as implementations of
-     org-eval-buffer for R code:
-
-     (see this question again posed in [[file:litorgy/litorgy-R.el::Maybe%20the%20following%20be%20replaced%20with%20a%20method%20using%20ess%20execute][litorgy-R.el]])
-    
-***** org-eval-light
-      This is the beginnings of a general evaluation mechanism, that
-      could evaluate python, ruby, shell, perl, in addition to R.
-      The header says it's based on org-eval
-
-      what is org-eval??
-      
-      org-eval was written by Carsten.  It lives in the
-      org/contrib/lisp directory because it is too dangerous to
-      include in the base.  Unlike org-eval-light org-eval evaluates
-      all source blocks in an org-file when the file is first opened,
-      which could be a security nightmare for example if someone
-      emailed you a pernicious file.
-      
-***** org-R
-      This accomplishes org \to org* in elisp by visiting code blocks
-      and evaluating code using ESS.
-
-***** RweaveOrg
-      This accomplishes org \to org* using R via
-      
-: Sweave("file-with-unevaluated-code.org", driver=RweaveOrg, syntax=SweaveSyntaxOrg)
-
-***** org-exp-blocks.el
-      Like org-R, this achieves org \to org* in elisp by visiting code
-      blocks and using ESS to evaluate R code.
-
-*** source blocks
-(see [[* Special editing and evaluation of source code][Special editing and evaluation of source code]])
-
-*** header arguments
-(see [[* block headers/parameters][block headers/parameters]])
-
-There are going to be many cases where we want to use header arguments
-to change the evaluation options of source code, to pass external
-information to a block of source code and control the inclusion of
-evaluation results.
-
-*** inline source evaluation
-*** included source file evaluation
-It may be nice to be able to include an entire external file of source
-code, and then evaluate and export that code as if it were in the
-file.  The format for such a file inclusion could optionally look like
-the following
-
-: #+include_src filename header_arguments
-
-*** caching of evaluation
-
-Any kind of code that can have a block evaluated could optionally define
-a function to write the output to a file, or to serialize the output of
-the function.  If a document or block is configured to cache input,
-write all cached blocks to their own files and either a) hash them, or
-b) let git and org-attach track them.  Before a block gets eval'd, we
-check to see if it has changed.  If a document or block is configured to
-cache output and a print/serialize function is available, write the
-output of each cached block to its own file.  When the file is eval'd
-and some sort of display is called for, only update the display if the
-output has changed.  Each of these would have an override, presumably
-something like (... & force) that could be triggered with a prefix arg
-to the eval or export function.
-
-For R, I would say
-
-#+begin_src emacs-lisp
-;; fake code that only pretends to work
-(add-hook 'rorg-store-output-hook 
-    '("r" lambda (block-environment block-label)
-        (ess-exec (concat "save.image("
-                          block-environment
-                          ", file = " block-label
-                          ".Rdata, compress=TRUE)"))))
-#+end_src
-
-The idea being that for r blocks that get eval'd, if output needs to be
-stored, you should write the entire environment that was created in that
-block to an Rdata file.
-
-(see [[* block scoping][block scoping]])
-
-** interaction with the source-code's process
-We should settle on a uniform API for sending code and receiving
-output from a source process.  Then to add a new language all we need
-to do is implement this API.
-
-for related notes see ([[* Interaction with the R process][Interaction with the R process]])
-
-** output of code evaluation
-*** textual/numeric output
-    We (optionally) incorporate the text output as text in the target
-    document
-*** graphical output
-    We either link to the graphics or (html/latex) include them
-    inline.
-    
-    I would say, if the block is being evaluated interactively then
-    lets pop up the image in a new window, and if it is being exported
-    then we can just include a link to the file which will be exported
-    appropriately by org-mode.
-    
-*** non-graphics files
-    ? We link to other file output
-*** side effects
-If we are using a continuous process in (for example an R process
-handled by ESS) then any side effects of the process (for example
-setting values of R variables) will be handled automatically
-
-Are there side-effects which need to be considered aside from those
-internal to the source-code evaluation process?
-
-** reference to data and evaluation results
-   I think this will be very important.  I would suggest that since we
-   are using lisp we use lists as our medium of exchange.  Then all we
-   need are functions going converting all of our target formats to and
-   from lists.  These functions are already provided by for org tables.
-
-   It would be a boon both to org users and R users to allow org tables
-   to be manipulated with the R programming language.  Org tables give R
-   users an easy way to enter and display data; R gives org users a
-   powerful way to perform vector operations, statistical tests, and
-   visualization on their tables.
-
-   This means that we will need to consider unique id's for source
-   blocks, as well as for org tables, and for any other data source or
-   target.
-
-*** Implementations
-**** naive
-     Naive implementation would be to use =(org-export-table "tmp.csv")=
-     and =(ess-execute "read.csv('tmp.csv')")=.  
-**** org-R
-     org-R passes data to R from two sources: org tables, or csv
-     files. Org tables are first exported to a temporary csv file
-     using [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el::defun%20org%20R%20export%20to%20csv%20csv%20file%20options][org-R-export-to-csv]].
-**** org-exp-blocks
-     org-exp-blocks uses [[org-interblock-R-command-to-string]] to send
-     commands to an R process running in a comint buffer through ESS.
-     org-exp-blocks has no support for dumping table data to R process, or
-     vice versa.
-
-**** RweaveOrg
-     NA
-
-*** reference format
-    This will be tricky, Dan has already come up with a solution for R, I
-    need to look more closely at that and we should try to come up with a
-    formats for referencing data from source-code in such a way that it
-    will be as source-code-language independent as possible.
-    
-    Org tables already have a sophisticated reference system in place
-    that allows referencing table ranges in other files, as well as
-    specifying constants in the header arguments of a table.  This is
-    described in [[info:org:References]].
-
-**** Dan: thinking aloud re: referencing data from R
-     Suppose in some R code, we want to reference data in an org
-     table. I think that requires the use of 'header arguments', since
-     otherwise, under pure evaluation of a code block without header
-     args, R has no way to locate the data in the org buffer. So that
-     suggests a mechanism like that used by org-R whereby table names
-     or unique entry IDs are used to reference org tables (and indeed
-     potentially row/column ranges within org tables, although that
-     subsetting could also be done in R).
-
-     Specifically what org-R does is write the table to a temp csv
-     file, and tell R the name of that file. However:
-
-     1. We are not limited to a single source of input; the same sort
-        of thing could be done for several sources of input
-
-     2. I don't think we even have to use temp files. An alternative
-        would be to have org pass the table contents as a csv-format
-        string to textConnection() in R, thus creating an arbitrary
-        number of input objects in the appropriate R environment
-        (scope) from which the R code can read data when necessary.
-
-	That suggests a header option syntax something like
-    
-#+begin_src emacs-lisp
-'(:R-obj-name-1 tbl-name-or-id-1 :R-obj-name-2 tbl-name-or-id-2)
-#+end_src
-
-As a result of passing that option, the code would be able to access
-the data referenced by table-name-or-id-2 via read.table(R-obj-name-1).
-
-An extension of that idea would be to allow remote files to be used as
-data sources. In this case one might need just the remote file (if
-it's a csv file), or if it's an org file then the name of the file
-plus a table reference within that org file. Thus maybe something like
-
-#+begin_src emacs-lisp
-'((R-obj-name-1 . (:tblref tbl-name-or-id-1 :file file-1))
-  (R-obj-name-2 . (:tblref tbl-name-or-id-2 :file file-2)))
-#+end_src emacs-lisp
-
-**** Eric: referencing data in general
-So here's some thoughts for referencing data (henceforth referred to
-as *resources*).  I think this is the next thing we need to tackle for
-implementation to move forward.  We don't need to implement everything
-below right off the bat, but I'd like to get these lists as full as
-possible so we don't make any implementation assumptions which
-preclude real needs.
-
-We need to reference resources of the following types...
-
-- table (list)
-- output from a source code block (list or hash)
-- property values of an outline header (hash)
-- list (list)
-- description list (hash)
-- more?...
-
-All of these resources will live in org files which could be
-
-- the current file (default)
-- another file on the same system (path)
-- another file on the web (url)
-- another file in a git repo (file and commit hash)
-
-What information should each of these resources be able to supply?
-I'm thinking (again not that we'll implement all of these but just to
-think of them)...
-
-- ranges or points of vector data
-- key/value pairs from a hash
-- when the object was last modified
-- commit info (author, date, message, sha, etc...)
-- pointers to the resources upon which the resource relies
-
-So we need a referencing syntax powerful enough to handle all of these
-alternatives.  Maybe something like =path:sha:name:range= where
-
-- path :: is empty for the current file, is a path for files on the
-          same system, and is a url otherwise
-- sha :: is an option git commit indicator
-- name :: is the table/header/source-block name or id for location
-          inside of the org file (this would not be optional)
-- range :: would indicate which information is requested from the
-           resource, so it could be a range to access parts of a
-           table, or the names of properties to be referenced from an
-           outline header
-
-Once we agree on how this should work, I'll try to stub out some code,
-so that we can get some simple subset of this functionality working,
-hopefully something complex enough to do the following...
-- [[* resource reference example][resource-reference-example]]
-
-***** questions
-****** multiple outputs
-Do we want things like a source code block to leave multiple outputs,
-or do we only want them to be able to output one vector or hash?
-
-****** environment (state and side-effects)
-This design assumes that any changes will explicitly pass data in a
-functional programming style.  This makes no assumptions about things
-like source code blocks changing state (in general state changes lead
-to more difficult debugging).
-
-- Do we want to take steps so ensure we do things like execute
-  consecutive R blocks in different environment, or do we want to
-  allow state changes?
-- Does this matter?
-
-****** passing arguments to resources
-So I(eric) may be getting ahead of myself here, but what do you think
-about the ability to pass arguments to resources.  I'm having visions
-of google map-reduce, processes spread out across multiple machines.
-
-Maybe we could do this by allowing the arguments to be specified?
-
-*** source-target pairs
-
-    The following can be used for special considerations based on
-    source-target pairs
-
-    Dan: I don't quite understand this subtree; Eric -- could you give
-    a little more explanation of this and of your comment above
-    regarding using [[lists as our medium of exchange]]?
-    
-**** source block output from org tables
-**** source block outpt from other source block
-**** source block output from org list
-**** org table from source block
-**** org table from org table
-**** org properties from source block
-**** org properties from org table
-     
-** export
-   once the previous objectives are met export should be fairly simple.
-   Basically it will consist of triggering the evaluation of source code
-   blocks with the org-export-preprocess-hook.
-
-   This block export evaluation will be aware of the target format
-   through the htmlp and latexp variables, and can then create quoted
-   =#+begin_html= and =#+begin_latex= blocks appropriately.
-   
-   There will also need to be a set of header arguments related to
-   code export.  These would be similar to the results header
-   arguments but would apply to how to handle execution and results
-   during export.
-
-
-* Notes
-** Block Formats
-   Unfortunately org-mode how two different block types, both useful.
-   In developing RweaveOrg, a third was introduced.
-
-   Eric is leaning towards using the =#+begin_src= blocks, as that is
-   really what these blocks contain: source code.  Austin believes
-   that specifying export options at the beginning of a block is
-   useful functionality, to be preserved if possible.
-
-   Note that upper and lower case are not relevant in block headings.
-
-*** PROPOSED block format
-I (Eric) propose that we use the syntax of source code blocks as they
-currently exist in org-mode with the addition of *evaluation*,
-*header-arguments*, *exportation*, *single-line-blocks*, and
-*references-to-table-data*.
-
-1) *evaluation*: These blocks can be evaluated through =\C-c\C-c= with
-   a slight addition to the code already present and working in
-   [[file:existing_tools/org-eval-light.el][org-eval-light.el]].  All we should need to add for R support would
-   be an appropriate entry in [[org-eval-light-interpreters]] with a
-   corresponding evaluation function.  For an example usinga
-   org-eval-light see [[* src block evaluation w/org-eval-light]].
-
-2) *header-arguments*: These can be implemented along the lines of
-   Austin's header arguments in [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/org-sweave.el][org-sweave.el]].
-
-3) *exportation*: Should be as similar as possible to that done by
-   Sweave, and hopefully can re-use some of the code currently present
-   in [[file:existing_tools/exp-blocks/org-exp-blocks.el ][org-exp-blocks.el]].
-
-4) *single-line-blocks*: It seems that it is useful to be able to
-   place a single line of R code on a line by itself.  Should we add
-   syntax for this similar to Dan's =#+RR:= lines?  I would lean
-   towards something here that can be re-used for any type of source
-   code in the same manner as the =#+begin_src R= blocks, maybe
-   =#+src_R=? Dan: I'm fine with this, but don't think single-line
-   blocks are a priority. My =#+R= lines were something totally
-   different: an attempt to have users specify R code implicitly,
-   using org-mode option syntax.
-
-5) *references-to-table-data*: I get this impression that this is
-   vital to the efficient use of R code in an org file, so we should
-   come up with a way to reference table data from a single-line-block
-   or from an R source-code block.  It looks like Dan has already done
-   this in [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el][org-R.el]].
-
-Syntax
-
-Multi-line Block
-: #+begin_src lang header-arguments
-:  body
-: #+end
-- lang :: the language of the block (R, shell, elisp, etc...)
-- header-arguments :: a list of optional arguments which control how
-     the block is evaluated and exported, and how the results are handled
-- body :: the actual body of the block
-
-Single-line Block
-: #+begin_src lang body
-- It's not clear how/if we would include header-arguments into a
-  single line block.  Suggestions? Can we just leave them out?  Dan:
-  I'm not too worried about single line blocks to start off
-  with. Their main advantage seems to be that they save 2 lines.
-  Eric: Fair enough, lets not worry about this now, also I would guess
-  that any code simple enough to fit on one line wouldn't need header
-  arguments anyways.
-
-Include Block
-: #+include_src lang filename header-arguments
-- I think this would be useful, and should be much more work (Dan:
-  didn't get the meaning of that last clause!?).  Eric: scratch that,
-  I meant "*shouldn't* be too much work" :) That way whole external
-  files of source code could be evaluated as if they were an inline
-  block. Dan: again I'd say not a massive priority, as I think all the
-  languages we have in mind have facilities for doing this natively,
-  thus I think the desired effect can often be achieved from within a
-  #+begin_src block.  Eric: Agreed, while this would be a nice thing
-  to include we shouldn't wast too much effort on it in the beginning.
-
-What do you think?  Does this accomplish everything we want to be able
-to do with embedded R source code blocks?
-
-***** src block evaluation w/org-eval-light
-here's an example using org-eval-light.el
-
-first load the org-eval-light.el file
-
-[[elisp:(load (expand-file-name "org-eval-light.el" (expand-file-name "existing_tools" (file-name-directory buffer-file-name))))]]
-
-then press =\C-c\C-c= inside of the following src code snippet.  The
-results should appear in a comment immediately following the source
-code block.  It shouldn't be too hard to add R support to this
-function through the `org-eval-light-interpreters' variable.
-
-(Dan: The following causes error on export to HTML hence spaces inserted at bol)
-
- #+begin_src shell
-date
- #+end_src
-
-*** existing formats
-**** Source code blocks 
-    Org has an extremely useful method of editing source code and
-    examples in their native modes.  In the case of R code, we want to
-    be able to use the full functionality of ESS mode, including
-    interactive evaluation of code.
-
-    Source code blocks look like the following and allow for the
-    special editing of code inside of the block through
-    `org-edit-special'.
-
-#+BEGIN_SRC r
-
-,## hit C-c ' within this block to enter a temporary buffer in r-mode.
-
-,## while in the temporary buffer, hit C-c C-c on this comment to
-,## evaluate this block
-a <- 3
-a
-
-,## hit C-c ' to exit the temporary buffer
-#+END_SRC     
-
-**** dblocks
-    dblocks are useful because org-mode will automatically call
-    `org-dblock-write:dblock-type' where dblock-type is the string
-    following the =#+BEGIN:= portion of the line.
-
-    dblocks look like the following and allow for evaluation of the
-    code inside of the block by calling =\C-c\C-c= on the header of
-    the block.  
-
-#+BEGIN: dblock-type
-#+END:
-
-**** R blocks
-     In developing RweaveOrg, Austin created [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/org-sweave.el][org-sweave.el]].  This
-     allows for the kind of blocks shown in [[file:existing_tools/RweaveOrg/testing.Rorg][testing.Rorg]].  These blocks
-     have the advantage of accepting options to the Sweave preprocessor
-     following the #+BEGIN_R declaration.
-
-*** block headers/parameters
-Regardless of the syntax/format chosen for the source blocks, we will
-need to be able to pass a list of parameters to these blocks.  These
-should include (but should certainly not be limited to)
-- label or id :: Label of the block, should we provide facilities for
-                 automatically generating a unique one of these?
-- file :: names of file to which graphical/textual/numerical/tabular output
-  should be written.  Do we need this, or should this be controlled
-  through the source code itself?
-- results :: indication of where the results should be placed, maybe
-             the following values...
-  - append :: *default* meaning just append to the current buffer
-              immediately following the current source block
-  - replace :: like append, but replace any results currently there
-  - file :: save the results in a new file, and place a link to the
-            file into the current buffer immediately following the
-            source code block
-  - table :: save the results into a table, maybe use a table id:range
-             to identify which table and where therein
-  - nil :: meaning just discard the results
-- not sure of a good name here :: flags for when/if the block should
-     be evaluated (on export etc...)
-- again can't thing of a concise name :: flags for how the results of
-     the export should be displayed/included
-- scope :: flag indicating whether the block should have a local or
-           global scope
-- flags specific to the language of the source block
-- etc...
-
-I think fleshing out this list is an important next step.
-
-** Interaction with the R process
-
-We should take care to implement this in such a way that all of the
-different components which have to interactive with R including:
-- evaluation of source code blocks
-- automatic evaluation on export
-- evaluation of \R{} snippets
-- evaluation of single source code lines
-- evaluation of included source code files
-- sending/receiving vector data
-
-I think we currently have two implementations of interaction with R
-processes; [[file:existing_tools/org-R.el][org-R.el]] and [[file:existing_tools/exp-blocks/org-exp-blocks.el ][org-exp-blocks.el]].  We should be sure to take
-the best of each of these approaches.
-
-More on the exchange of data at between org-mode and source code
-blocks at [[* reference to data and evaluation results][reference to data and evaluation results]].
-
-** block scoping
-(see [[* caching of evaluation][caching of evaluation]])
-
-This inadvertently raises the issue of scoping.  The pretend function
-pretends that we will create a block-local scope, and that we can save
-just the things in that scope.  Sweave takes the make-everything-global
-approach.  I can see advantages either way.  If we make block-local
-scopes, we can save each one independently, and generally speaking it
-seems like more granularity==more control.  If we make everything
-global, we can refer to entities declared in earlier blocks without
-having to explicitly import those entities into the current block.  I
-think this counts in the "need to think about it early on" category.
-
-If we did want block-local scopes, in R we can start every eval with
-something like
-
-;; fake code that pretends to create a new, empty environment
-(ess-exec (concat block-env " <- new.env()"))
-(ess-exec (concat "eval(" block-contents ", envir=" block-env ")"))
-
-If we decide we want block-scoping, I'm sure Dan and I can figure out
-the right way to do this in R, if he hasn't already.  I haven't thought
-at all about how these scope issues generalize to, say, bash blocks.
-
-Maybe this is something that should be controlled by a header
-argument?
-
-** =\C-c\C-c= evaluation
-
-With org-mode version at least 6.23, see the documentation for
-[[info:org:Context-sensitive%20commands][info:org:Context-sensitive commands]].
-
-** free explicit variables
-Maybe we should have some idea of variables independent of any
-particular type of source code or source block.  These could be
-variables that have a value inside of the scope of the org-mode file,
-and they could be used as a transport mechanism for information
-transfer between org-tables, org-lists, and different source-blocks.
-
-Each type of source code (and org-mode types like tables, lists,
-etc...) would need to implement functions for converting different
-types of data to and from these variables (which would be elisp
-variables).
-
-So for example say we want to read the values from a table into an R
-block, perform some calculations, and then write the results back into
-the table.  We could
-1) assign the table to a variable
-   - the table would be converted into a lisp vector (list of lists)
-   - the vector would be saved in the variable
-2) an R source block would reference the variable
-   - the variable would be instantiated into an R variable (through
-     mechanisms mentioned [[* Dan: thinking aloud re: referencing data from R][elsewhere]])
-   - the R code is executed, and the value of the variable *inside of
-     R* is updated
-   - when the R block finished the value of the variable *globally in
-     the org buffer* would be updated
-3) optionally the global value of the variable would be converted back
-   into an org-mode table and would be used to overwrite the existing
-   table.
-
-What do you think?
-
-This might not be too different from what we were already talking
-about, but I think the introduction of the idea of having variables
-existing independently of any tables or source code blocks is novel
-and probably has some advantages (and probably shortfalls).
-
-
 * Buffer Dictionary
- LocalWords:  DBlocks dblocks litorgy el eric litorgical fontification
-
+ LocalWords:  DBlocks dblocks org-babel el eric fontification